Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The majority of HCCs is associated with chronic liver disease due to chronic viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol intake, and metabolic diseases. Although common mechanisms and pathways involved in HCC development have been described for these etiological factors, HCC is an extremely heterogenous cancer. Importantly, treatment of the underlying cause, e.g., inhibition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication or eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) reduces but does not eliminate the risk of HCC development; thus HCC incidence continues to rise globally. Curative treatments are limited to patients with early-stage disease. Patients with advanced disease can benefit from systemic treatments but only a proportion of patients respond, and the clinical outcome of HCC remains overall dismal.
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Institut d’hépatologie de Lyon, 2023
